With globalization, vehicles are sold across the world throughout different markets and their automotive brake systems must function across a range of environmental conditions. Currently, there is no current standardized test that analyzes brake pads’ robustness against severe cold and humid environmental conditions. The purpose of this proposed test method is to validate brake system performance under severe cold conditions, comparing the results with ambient conditions to evaluate varying lining materials’ functional robustness. The goal of this paper is to aid in setting a standardized process and procedure for the testing of automotive brakes’ environmental robustness. Seven candidate friction materials were selected for analysis. The friction materials are kept confidential. Design of experiment (DOE) techniques were used to create a full-factorial test plan that covered all combinations of parameters. The test script involves brake applications at 5, 10, 15, and 20 bar, at bothPassador, Stephen Daniel Austin, Boudreau, Douglas Barret, Capacchione, Christopher James
General Motors (GM) is working towards a future world of zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion. It’s “Ultium” platform has revolutionized electric vehicle drive units to provide versatile yet thrilling driving experience to the customers. Three variants of traction power inverter modules (TPIMs) including a dual channel inverter configuration are designed in collaboration with LG Magna e-Powertrain (LGM). These TPIMs are integrated with other power electronics components inside Integrated power electronics (IPE) to eliminate redundant high voltage connections and increase power density. The developed power module from LGM has used state-of-the art sintering technology and double-sided cooled structure to achieve industry leading performance and reliability. All the components are engineered with high level of integration skills to utilize across TPIM variants. Each component in the design is rigorously analyzed and tested from component to system levels to ensure highNassiri Bavili, Arash, Basher, Korobi, Chung, Sung, Alam, Khorshed, Lee, Jung-Gi, Choi, Hong Goo, Ko, Jin-young, Anwar, Mohammad
This paper presents deep learning-based prognostics and health management (PHM) for predicting fractures of an electric propulsion (eP) drivetrain system using real-time CAN signals. The deep learning algorithm, based on autoencoders, resamples time-series signals and converts them into 2D images using recurrence plots (RP). Subsequently, through unsupervised learning of DeepSVDD, it detects anomalies in the converted 2D images and predicts the failure of the system in real-time. Also, reliability analysis based on fracture mechanics was performed using the detected signals and big data. In particular, the severity of the eP drivetrain system is proportional to the maximum shear stress (τmax) in terms of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and can be calculated by summarizing the relationship between cracks (a) and the stress intensity factor (KIII). During this process, the system status can be checked by comparing the stress intensity factor and fracture toughness (KIIIc), andMoon, Byungwoo, Lee, SangWon, Nam, DongJin, Kim, Jeonghwan, Bae, JaeWoong, Shin, JeongMin
Accurate and reliable localization in GNSS-denied environments is critical for autonomous driving. Nevertheless, LiDAR-based and camera-based methods are easily affected by adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, and fog. The 4D Radar with all-weather performance and high resolution has attracted more interest. Currently, there are few localization algorithms based on 4D Radar, so there is an urgent need to develop reliable and accurate positioning solutions. This paper introduces RIO-Vehicle, a novel tightly coupled 4D Radar/IMU/vehicle dynamics within the factor graph framework. RIO-Vehicle aims to achieve reliable and accurate vehicle state estimation, encompassing position, velocity, and attitude. To enhance the accuracy of relative constraints, we introduce a new integrated IMU/Dynamics pre-integration model that combines a 2D vehicle dynamics model with a 3D kinematics model. Then, we employ a dynamic object removal process to filter out dynamic points from a single 4DZhu, Jiaqi, Zhuo, Guirong, Xiong, Lu, zihang, he, Leng, Bo
The study and application of Topology Optimization (TO) has experienced great maturity in recent years, presenting itself as a highly influential and sought-after design tool in both the automotive and aerospace industries. TO has experienced development from single material topology optimization (SMTO) to multi-material topology optimization (MMTO), where material selection is simultaneously optimized with material existence. Today, MMTO for standard structural optimization responses are well supported. An additional and vital response in the design of structures is that of stress. Stress-driven or stress-controlled optimization techniques for SMTO are well understood and have been well-documented, evidenced by both published works and its availability in multiple commercial solvers. However, its integration into MMTO frameworks has not yet achieved reliable levels of accuracy and flexibility. The principal limitation of existing stress-constrained MMTO methodologies is the inabilityShi, Yifan, Huang, Yuhao, Morris, Zane, Teoli, Mira, Tameer, Daniel, Kim, Il Yong
Due to the expense and time commitment associated with extensive product testing, vehicle manufacturers are developing new simulation techniques to verify vehicle component performance with less testing and more confidence in the final product. Battery lifetime is of particular difficulty to predict, since each battery is different and there are many different control scenarios that could be implemented based on the specific requirements of each battery type. In order to solve this problem for a 12V auxiliary lead-acid battery, a battery durability analysis model has been previously adapted from lithium-ion applications, which is capable of verifying the impact of lead-acid battery durability in a short period of time. In this study, calibration tools for this model were developed and are presented here, and durability analysis and verification are performed for the application of new electric vehicles. New control strategies, designed specifically for the auxiliary batteries inLim, Youngchul, Edel, Zachary, Marker, Ethan, Joung, Sanghyeok, Kwon, Oh Hyun
In recent years, the automotive industry has been making efforts to develop vehicles that satisfy customers’ emotions rather than malfunctions by improving the durability of vehicles. The durability and reliability of vehicles sold in the U.S. can be determined through the VDS (Vehicle Dependability Study) published by JD Power. The VDS is index which is the number of complaints per 100 units released by J.D. POWER in every year. It investigates customers who have used it for 3 years after purchasing a new car and consists of 177 specific problems grouped into 8 categories such as PT, ACEN, FCD, Exterior. The VDS-4 has been strengthened since the introduction of the new evaluation system VDS-5 in 2015. In order to improve the VDS index, it is important to gather various customer complaints such as internet data, warranty data, Enprecis data and clarify the problem and cause. Enprecis data is survey of customer complaints by on-line in terms of VDS. In the case of warranty and EnpreicsYou, Hanmin
Evaluating real-world hazards associated with perception subsystems is critical in enhancing the performance of autonomous vehicles. The reliability of autonomous vehicles perception subsystems are paramount for safe and efficient operation. While current studies employ different metrics to evaluate perception subsystem failures in autonomous vehicles, there still exists a gap in the development and emphasis on engineering requirements. To address this gap, this study proposes the establishment of engineering requirements that specifically target real-world hazards and resilience factors important to AV operation, using High-Definition Maps, Global Navigation Satellite System, and weather sensors. The findings include the need for engineering requirements to establish clear criteria for a high-definition maps functionality in the presence of erroneous perception subsystem inputs which enhances the overall safety and reliability of the autonomous vehicles. In conjunction, globalMasterson, Alexandra, Patil, Pritesh, Brown, Nicolas, Asher, Zachary, Fanas Rojas, Johan, Siems-Anderson, Amanda, Walker, Curtis, Rabinowitz, Aaron
Global automobile manufacturers are increasingly adopting vehicle architecture development systems in the early stages of product development. This strategic move is aimed at rationalizing their product portfolios based on similar specifications and functions, with the overarching goal of simplifying design complexities and enabling the creation of scalable vehicles. Nevertheless, ensuring consistent performance in this dynamic context poses formidable challenges due to the wide range of design possibilities and potential variations at each development stage. This paper introduces an efficient reliability analysis process designed to identify and mitigate the distribution of Ride and Handling (R&H) performance. We employ a range of reliability analysis techniques, including Latin Hypercube Sampling and the enhanced Dimension Reduction (eDR) method, utilizing various types of models such as surrogate models and multi-body dynamics models. This approach is applied to predict R&HJi-In, Jung
The rapid evolution of battery electric vehicle (BEV) development has highlighted the need to develop BEVs that meet customer demands for both high-performance and space-efficiency. This paper explores the optimization opportunities available within the landscape of BEV powertrains, focusing on the power-dense potential of single-axis powertrain systems. The need to adhere to power density requirements to accommodate performance aspirations while simultaneously yielding more cabin or storage space to the customer creates a challenging problem for designers. With this pursuit, these competing interests must strike a harmonious balance to create the best experience for the customer. The subject of this study is an investigation into a leading competitor's powertrain that explores the potential optimization opportunities available within its already compact single-axis electric transmission. The methodology entails a reverse-engineered model of the geartrain, enabling an outsider’sVillarreal, Jaret
In this paper, in order to obtain the specified communication range, this work provides a novel optimization approach for antenna placement inside a design space of a vehicle is proposed. The design community can undertake antenna design iterations and quickly investigate antenna placement areas with the help of the optimal placement of antenna utilizing computational electromagnetic (CEM) based optimization approach. The design of experiments (DOE) for various antenna positions and orientations was produced using the Taguchi method [5]. To examine the impact of near field E throughout communication range, Quasi-Newtonian gradient technique and high frequency simulation software (HFSS) are employed. Response curves were created from the received near field E in order to examine the mean, large mean, and cost-wise approaches in order to find the antenna's ideal position and orientation for a strong signal across the communication rangeS, Jeyavendeesh Kumar, Siingh, Abhay
The continuous improvement of spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) engines is largely attributed to the enhanced understanding of air-fuel mixing and combustion processes. The intricate interaction between transient spray behavior and the ambient flow field is important to unveil the airflow dynamics during the spray injection process. This study investigates the fuel-spray boundary interactions under different superheated conditions by analyzing the ambient flow field pattern with constraint-based modeling (CBM). In the experimental setup, superheated conditions are facilitated by adjusting different fuel temperatures and ambient pressures. By adding the tracer particles containing Rhodamine 6G to the ambient air, the combined diagnostic of fluorescent particle image velocimetry (FPIV) and Mie-scattering is implemented to measure the velocity distribution and flow trajectory of the air surrounding the spray formation and propagation. For analytical analysis, a data-drivenZhou, Ziming, Zhao, Fengnian, Hung, David, Huang, Qin
Off-roading is the scenario of driving a vehicle on unpaved surfaces such as sand, gravel, riverbeds, rocks, and other natural terrain. Vehicle designed for that purpose requires jumping from height due to uneven surfaces/patches. This also requires them to sustain a high amount of loads acting upon them on impact. Thus, off-roading vehicles should not only provide intended vehicle dynamics performance but at the same time should be durable as well. Drop test which is done in a controlled environment is a widely used method to validate the durability of vehicle in such scenarios wherein the vehicle is dropped from a certain predefined height. In Multibody dynamics simulation, drop test was replicated and acceleration data computed at different locations in the vehicle were correlated with actual physical test data. Correlation was done for different drop heights. This paper presents relevant details of the virtual vehicle modeling, loadcase, test data & subsequent correlation. ThisKaka, Vaibhav, Jain, Arvind
Certain sports utility vehicles (SUVs) utilize dual latches and gas struts in their hood design. This is primarily driven by the larger size of the hood and specific architectural requirements. These hoods can be securely latched either by a dynamic single stroke closing method or by quasistatic two stroke closing method. In dynamic method, the hood is closed with a single, high-velocity motion for the final primary latching, whereas in quasistatic method, force is initially applied for the secondary latching and then for the final primary latching. In this study, both the dynamic and quasistatic closing methods are compared in terms of closing force and velocity and hood over travel distance. A load cell is used for measuring the closing force, velocity meter is used for velocity measurement and a rope sensor is used for measuring the hood over travel distance. It is evident from the study that the velocity required for hood closing is higher in the dynamic method, than the quasiSelvan, Veera, Sakthivel, Gowtham, R, Balaji, AS, Kevin, A, Sankaranarayanan, Kamat, Rohan, Unadkat, Siddharth, Pandurangan, Venugopal
The current automotive industry has a growing demand for real-time transmission to support reliable communication and for key technologies. The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) working group introduced standards for reliable communication in time-critical systems, including shaping mechanisms for bounded transmission latency. Among these shaping mechanisms, Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding (CQF) and frame preemption provide deterministic guarantees for frame transmission. However, despite some current studies on the performance analysis of CQF and frame preemption, they also need to consider the potential effects of their combined usage on frame transmission. Furthermore, there is a need for more research that addresses the impact of parameter configuration on frame transmission under different situations and shaping mechanisms, especially in the case of mechanism combination. Firstly, this paper comprehensively reviews the schedulability analysis of the combined usage of CQF and frameLuo, Feng, Wang, Zitong, Ren, Yi, Wu, Mingzhi, Zhang, Xiaoxian
In alignment with the U.S. Army's Climate Strategy and the broader trend in automotive technology, there is a strategic shift towards electrification and hybridization of the vehicle fleet. While a major goal of this effort is to mitigate the carbon footprint of the U.S. Army's vehicle operations, this transition also presents an opportunity to harness advancements in automotive electrification. Among the key vehicles in focus are tactical wheeled vehicles, which provide military forces with versatile and rugged transportation solutions for various combat scenarios, ensuring mobility, protection, and adaptability on the battlefield. This study investigates the potential of electrified tactical wheeled vehicles by conducting a survey involving a diverse group of vehicle operators across various ranks within the U.S. Army. The aim is to identify novel applications achievable through electrification or hybridization, encompassing functions such as establishing command posts, prolongedKonopa, Bridget, Miller, Mark, Revnew, Luke, Muraco, John, Mayfield, Logan, Rutledge, Maxwell, Crocker, Matthew, Mittal, Vikram
Vehicle quality and affordability will always be the most distinguishing summative characteristics in a fully saturated and highly competitive market. While vehicle quality differentiates between brands in any market segment, affordability remains the key decisive factor for many buyers in each segment. Equally important, affordability is a critical factor in achieving equity in transportation by providing reasonably priced vehicles with quality fitting the needs of different users. Keeping in mind that the cost of quality is usually in conflict with affordability, the main challenge during the different phases of the vehicle design and development process from inception to production becomes the achievement of the multi-objective conflicting goals of maximizing affordability and quality at the same time. In this paper, guided by quality characteristics framework, that accounts for affordability as a context and structured participation of the customers during the vehicle realizationEl-Sayed, Mohamed
Multiple areas in the U.S. continue to struggle with achieving National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone. These continued issues highlight the need for further reductions in NOX emission standards in multiple industry sectors, with heavy-duty on-highway engines being one of the most important areas to be addressed. Starting in 2014, CARB initiated a series of technical demonstration programs aimed at examining the feasibility of achieving up to a 90% reduction in tailpipe NOX, while at the same time maintaining a path towards GHG reductions that will be required as part of the Heavy-Duty Phase 2 GHG program. These programs culminated in the Stage 3 Low NOX program, which demonstrated low NOX emissions while maintaining GHG emissions at levels comparable to the baseline engine. Building on that prior program effort, EPA continued to support further Low NOX demonstration efforts in support of the development of new Federal Emissions Standards for heavy-duty highway vehicles andSharp, Christopher, Neely, Gary, Zavala, Bryan, Rao, Sandesh, McDonald, Joseph, Sanchez, James L.
Motorcycles which are designed for both regular as well as rough terrains experience more severe vertical impact loads from ground in comparison with motorcycles which travel only on regular terrains. Therefore, drop test is considered an important method to evaluate durability for said vehicles. Fuel Tank mounted over front frame of a motorcycle is the most critical component from safety point of view and hence, need to be analysed for vertical drop load case. To do so, modelling of whole vehicle can be a hectic task and has to be avoided. In the present work, behaviour of fuel tank mounted over frame support and subjected to vertical drop from H(m) height is studied with the help of support excitation method incorporated with explicit non-linear time integration scheme using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) code in commercial FEA software. Through this scheme, effect on Fuel Tank of vehicle drop can be studied without actually modelling the whole vehicle. Results from FEA software wereSharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash
This paper reviews the current situation in the development of accelerated testing of automotive engineering, consisting of the four following areas: 1. Field testing of the natural product. 2. Additional technology of separate testing in the laboratory on the basis of physical simulation of separate field conditions using corresponding methods and equipment separately and conducting: safety testing, special programs of testing using digital simulation, special testing with changing certain parameters of environment, corrosion testing, etc. Both of the traditional testing developments above can be found in many magazines, journals, conferences, presentations, and proceedings. 3. Testing on the basis of digital (computer) simulation of product and/or field conditions. This area of testing has been developed in the last dozen years. Many articles and presentations were published during this time. 4. Accelerated reliability and durability testing for obtaining during service-life of theKlyatis, Lev
Bhutan is a small nation in the eastern Himalayas, between two of the world's largest neighbors and fastest-growing economies; China, and India. The GDP of the country is $2.707 Billion as of 2022. Bhutan’s largest renewable source is hydropower, which has a known potential of 30,000 MW. However, it has only been able to harvest only 1,480 MW (5% of the potential). The current overall electrification rate is 99% overall with 98.4% in rural areas. It exports 75.5% of total electricity generated in the country to India. However, the reliable supply of electricity remains a big challenge. The government is also pushing the use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind to diversify the energy mix and enhance the power security of the country. The share of renewable energy is very minimal at present amounting to 723 kW Solar PV and 600 kW Wind power. Bioenergy in the form of fuel wood, energy crops & crop residues, and cattle dung has great potential in the country as the country’sWangchuk, Singye, Kumar, Naveen
Wire arc additive manufacturing technology has become a promising alternative technology to high-volume metal deposition in many manufacturing industries like aerospace and automotive due to arc stability, long process cycle time, and formability. In this work, the Fanuc arc mate robot forms a single-pass, single-layer structure with a 1.2 mm diameter wire of copper-coated steel. Pure Argon gas is used as a shielding gas to protect the weld from oxidation. Different welding speed is carried out to analyze the bead thickness and height. Current and voltage as a heat input with optimal welding speed, a 10 kg straight wall is built with an operative building rate of 3.94 kg/h. The Rockwell hardness test is used to determine the hardness of the material, and it is discovered that it is 80 HRB. The tensile test is performed to determine the tensile strength and yield strength of the component; the measured values are 483.88 N/mm2 and 342.156 N/mm2, respectively. Increasing the welding speedGideon Ganesh, M., Rajendran, I., Hariharan, K., Naveen Kumar, S., Rajeswaran, M.
The basic needs of people are met by the building, fabric, and farming sectors. In addition, the automobile industry significantly contributes to human mobility and is essential to India’s economic expansion. There are numerous research strategies available to improve the bus body building industries. Several investigative approaches for enhancing bus body building industries are available. However, several of these studies merely look at it from the perspective of shop floor activity. Accordingly, when it comes to the execution of process design approaches, there is little practical evidence for accepting Gemba kaizen’s attitude. Hence, the purpose of this article is to present a continuous improvement redesign framework tailored to a specific bus body building industrial sector. The proposed model is structured after a critical examination of Gemba and Kaizen. The results showed that by implementing the improvement initiatives, the number of process activities decreased from 44 to 25Balakrishnan, S., Senthilkumar, K., Rajkumar, V., Jerold John Britto , J.
Dieses Dokument wurde erstellt und veröffentlicht, um Informationen und Anleitungen zur Anwendung von AQAP-2110 zu geben, wenn der Auftragnehmer die Anforderungen der Norm 9100 erfüllt. Dieses Dokument wird als AQAP-2110-SRD.2 und IA9137 veröffentlicht. Es wurde zur Erleichterung der Anwendung und des Verständnisses der Beziehung zwischen AQAP-2110 und 9100 gemeinsam von Vertretern der NATO und der Industrie entwickelt. AQAPs können erforderlich sein, wenn eine beschaffende Nation Foreign Military Sales (FMS) als Beschaffungsmethode verwendet. Es soll zu einer einheitlichen Auslegung der AQAP-2110-Anforderungen durch den Auftraggeber und seinen 9100-Auftragnehmer beitragen. Sein Inhalt hat keinen rechtlichen oder vertraglichen Status und ersetzt, ergänzt oder hebt keine der Anforderungen von AQAP-2110 oder 9100 auf. Aufgrund der Vielzahl von Bedingungen, die bestehen können (abhängig von Faktoren wie der Art der Arbeit oder des Prozesses, den verwendeten Geräten und den Fähigkeiten desIAQG-1 Standards Committee
이 문서는 공급자가 9100의 조항을 준수하고자 할 때 AQAP-2110을 적용하는 것에 관한 정보와 지침을 제공하기 위해 작성 및 발행된 것이다. 이 문서는 AQAP-2110-SRD.2 및 IA9137로 간행된다. 이는 NATO와 산업계에서 AQAP-2110과 9100 간의 관계에 대한 이해와 활용을 촉진하기 위해 NATO와 산업계 대표들이 공동으로 작성한 것이다. 획득 국가가 자국의 조달 방법으로 대외군사판매(FMS)를 이용할 때는 AQAP가 필요할 수 있다. 이 문서는 획득 국가와 9100을 준수하고자 하는 공급 국가의 AQAP-2110 요구사항 해석에 있어 공통성을 제공하는 데에 목적을 두고 있다. 이 문서의 내용은 법적 또는 계약상의 지위를 갖지 않으며, 일체의 AQAP-2110 또는 9100 요구사항을 대체하거나 그 요구사항에 추가되는 것도 아니다. 있을 수 있는 조건의 다양성(작업 또는 공정의 유형, 사용 기기 및 관련 인원의 역량에 따르는) 때문에, 이 지침이 모든 것에 적용되는 것으로 간주하거나, 계약 요구사항 충족에 필요한 특정 수단 또는 방법을 강요하는 것으로 간주해서는 안 된다. 이해당사자들은 이러한 요구사항을 충족하기 위해 다른 수단 또는 방법을 사용할 수도 있다는 점을 알고 있어야 한다. 이 지침 사용자는 계약서에 명시되는 바와 같이 AQAP 2110 요구사항이 공급자와 하청업체가 지켜야 하는 의무사항임을 명심해야 한다IAQG-1 Standards Committee
Este documento se ha preparado y emitido para proporcionar información y orientación sobre la aplicación de la PECAL 2110 cuando el suministrador se adhiere a las disposiciones de la norma 9100. Este documento se publica como anexo a la AQAP-2110-SRD.2 e IA9137. Ha sido desarrollado conjuntamente por la OTAN y los representantes de la industria para utilizarlo en la OTAN y en la industria a fin de facilitar el uso y la comprensión de la relación entre la PECAL 2110 y la norma 9100. Las PECAL pueden ser necesarias cuando una nación compradora utiliza el programa Foreign Military Sales (FMS) como método de adquisición. Pretende contribuir a una interpretación unificada de los requisitos de la PECAL 2110 por parte del comprador y de su suministrador 9100. Su contenido no tiene estatus legal ni contractual, ni sustituye, añade ni cancela ningún requisito de la PECAL 2110 o la norma 9100. Debido a la multitud de condiciones que pueden existir (en función de factores tales como el tipo deIAQG-1 Standards Committee
Ce document a été élaboré et publié en vue de fournir des informations et un guide pour l’application de l’AQAP-2110 lorsque le fournisseur se conforme aux dispositions de la 9100. Ce document est publié en tant qu’AQAP -2110-SRD.2 et IA9137. Il a été élaboré conjointement par l’OTAN et les représentants de l’industrie pour utilisation par l’OTAN et l’industrie de façon à faciliter l’utilisation et la compréhension de la relation entre l’AQAP-2110 et la 9100. Les AQAP peuvent être exigées lorsqu’un État acquéreur utilise les Ventes Militaires Etrangères (VME) comme méthode d’approvisionnement. Son but est de contribuer à une communauté d’interprétation des exigences de l’AQAP-2110 par l’acquéreur et son fournisseur 9100. Son contenu n’a aucun statut légal ou contractuel, ni ne remplace, s’ajoute à ou ne supprime aucune des exigences de l’AQAP-2110 ou de la 9100. En raison de la multiplicité des conditions susceptibles d’exister (en fonction de facteurs tels que le type de travail ou deIAQG-1 Standards Committee
This document has been prepared and issued to provide information and guidance on the application of AQAP-2110 when the supplier adheres to the provisions of 9100. This document is published as AQAP-2110-SRD.2 and IA9137. It was jointly developed by NATO and industry representatives for use by NATO and industry to facilitate the use and understanding of the relationship between the AQAP-2110 and 9100. AQAPs may be required when an acquiring nation use Foreign Military Sales (FMS) as its procuring methodIAQG-1 Standards Committee
Il presente documento è stato preparato e rilasciato al fine di fornire informazioni e linee guida sull’applicazione della AQAP-2110, laddove il fornitore si attenga a quanto previsto dalla 9100. Il presente documento viene pubblicato come AQAP-2110-SRD.2 e IA9137. Il documento è stato sviluppato congiuntamente dalla NATO e dai rappresentanti dell’industria affinché sia utilizzato dalla NATO e dall’industria per facilitare l’utilizzo e la comprensione del rapporto tra la AQAP-2110 e la 9100. Le AQAP possono costituire un requisito qualora un Paese acquirente utilizzi le Foreign Military Sales (FMS) come proprio metodo di approvvigionamento. Esso mira a contribuire all’interpretazione condivisa dei requisiti della AQAP-2110 da parte dell’acquirente e del fornitore 9100. Il suo contenuto non ha natura giuridica o contrattuale, né sostituisce, integra o annulla alcuno dei requisiti della AQAP-2110 o della 9100. A causa della molteplicità delle condizioni che possono sussistere (dipendentiIAQG-1 Standards Committee
In pursuing enhanced bio-composite properties, filler materials play a pivotal role. This study delves into the impact of ceramic additives on the chemical resistance and moisture durability of flax fiber-reinforced polymers. Utilizing the hand lay-up technique, we developed polyester composites reinforced with flax fibers. Silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) were chosen as filler components. One batch of flax fibers underwent an alkaline treatment to enhance their properties further using a 5% NaOH solution. The resistance of composite samples to acetic acid and sodium hydroxide was then assessed. Additionally, the moisture absorption patterns of all models were investigated. A thorough comparative analysis was conducted among multiple composite batches. The results highlighted that integrating additives significantly bolstered the chemical and moisture resistance of the composites. Notably, the alkali-treated samples exhibited superior moisture and chemical agentPandian, Arvinda, Kaliappan, Seeniappan, Natrayan, L., Reddy, Vinay
The Auto industry has relied upon traditional testing methodologies for product development and Quality testing since its inception. As technology changed, it brought a shift in customer demand for better vehicles with the highest quality standards. With the advent of EVs, OEMs are looking to reduce the going-to-market time for their products to win the EV race. Traditional testing methodologies have relied upon data received from various stakeholders and based on the same tests are planned. The data used is highly subjective and lacks variety. OEMs across the world are betting big on telematics solutions by pushing more and more vehicles with telematics devices as standard fitment. The data from such vehicles which gets generated in high levels of volume, variety and velocity can aid in the new age of vehicle testing. This live data cannot be simply simulated in test environments. The device generates hundreds of signals, frequently in a fraction of seconds. Multiple such signals canSahoo, Priyabrata, Singh, Saurabh, Prasad, Kakaraparti Agam
An agricultural tractor is often modified for special farming applications such as horticulture where the standard design is not suitable or accessible. In such cases, farm equipment manufacturers are demanded frugal and cost effect Engineered farming solutions. One such design is the innovative High Ground Clearance Tractor (HGCT) kit offered to increase the Tractor height without damaging the crop during farming operations. In this paper, the author proposes a durability assessment method to evaluate the HGCT kit attachments to meet the durability criteria. Road load data acquisition is done to measure the acceleration and strain levels for various horticulture operations such as tillage, spraying and transportation. Actual operating conditions are simulated with the help of four poster durability setups inside the lab which helps to reduce the field testing for design iterations. Multi-body dynamics simulation (MBS) is used to front-load the four-poster lab testing in virtual andSubbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, A, Gokila, Kumar, Yuvaraj, Jaiswal, Sunny, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G, Londhe, Abhijit, Mani, Suresh, Natarajan, Saravanan
In a vehicle, tire is a safety critical component and hence its structural durability performance is of paramount interest to the vehicle users. Therefore, ensuring durability performance is an essential criterion to prevent fatal accidents, unusual road delays, etc. Generally, tire structural durability or endurance performance is ascertained in the indoor laboratory by freely rotating the tire on a smooth steel road wheel. The tire runs straight ahead at a fixed speed and load is applied incrementally till failure or pre-defined level (fixed load step or fixed running kilometer). Although the test conditions used in these types of tests take care of certain parameters but it requires inclusion of additional parameters to simulate more realistic tire operational conditions. One such parameter is camber angle in a vehicle, which is kept non-zero values (positive or negative) to achieve desired vehicle handling performance. Further, the roadways are also having in-built camber toUpadhyay, Arpit, Kumar, Satheesh, Garg, Raghav, Ray, Kanai Lal, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra