Browse Topic: Environment

Items (41,780)

How Can a Sustainable Energy Infrastructure based on Renewable Fuels Contribute to Global Carbon Neutrality

2024-01-3023To be published on 07/02/2024

Abstract. With the COP28 decisions the world is thriving for a future net-zero-CO2 society and the and current regulation acts, the energy infrastructure is changing in direction of renewables in energy production. All industry sectors will extend their share of direct or indirect electrification. The question might arise if the build-up of the renewables in energy production is fast enough. Demand and supply might not match in the short- and mid-term. The paper will discuss the roadmaps, directions and legislative boundary parameter in the regenerative energy landscape and their regional differences. National funding on renewables will gain an increasing importance to accelerate the energy transformation. The are often competing in attracting the same know-how on a global scale. In addition the paper includes details about energy conversion, efficiency as well as potential transport scenarios from production to the end consumer. Technologies are compared in respect of their TLR level

Rothbart, Martin

Traceability E-Fuels 2035

2024-01-3022To be published on 07/02/2024

EU legislation provides for only local CO2 emission-free vehicles to be allowed in individual passenger transport by 2035. In addition, the directive provides for fuels from renewable sources, i.e. defossilised fuels. This development leads to three possible energy sources or forms of energy for use in individual transport. The first possibility is charging with electricity generated from renewable sources, the second possibility is hydrogen generated from renewable sources or blue production path. The third possibility is the use of renewable fuels, also called e-fuels. These fuels are produced from atmospheric CO2 and renewable hydrogen. Possible processes for this are, for example, methanol or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The production of these fuels is very energy-intensive and large amounts of renewable electricity are needed. Thus, national production of these fuels in the EU is inefficient in terms of cost and carbon footprint due to the low utilisation rate of renewable energy

Stoll, Tobias, Kulzer, Andre, Berner, Hans-Juergen

Measurements in the Recirculation Path of a Fuel Cell System

2024-01-3009To be published on 07/02/2024

When using "green" hydrogen, fuel cell technology plays a key role in emission-free mobility. A powertrain based on fuel cells (FC) shows its advantages over battery-electric powertrains when the requirement profile primarily demands high performance over a longer period of time, high flexible availability and short refueling times. In addition, FC achieves higher effi-ciencies than the combustion of hydrogen in a gas engine, meaning that the chemical energy is used more efficiently than with established combustion engines. When using FC technology, numerous companies in Baden-Württemberg can contribute their specific expertise from the traditional automotive construction and supplier business. This includes auxiliary units in the air (cathode) and hydrogen (anode) path, such as the air compressor, the H2 recycling pump, humidifier, cooling system, power electronics, valve and pressure tank technology as well as components of the fuel cell stack itself. The periphery of the media paths

Allmendinger, Frank, Martin, Benedikt, Schmidtmann, Marlen

Runtime Safety Assurance of Autonomous Last-Mile Delivery Vehicles in Urban-like Environment

2024-01-2991To be published on 07/02/2024

The conventional process of last-mile delivery logistics often leads to safety problems for road users and a high level of environmental pollution. Delivery drivers must deal with frequent stops, search for a convenient parking spot and sometimes navigate through the narrow streets causing traffic congestion and possibly safety issues for the ego vehicle as well as for other traffic participants. This process is not only time consuming but also environmentally impactful, especially in low-emission zones where prolonged vehicle idling can lead to air pollution and to high operational costs. To overcome these challenges, a reliable system is required that not only ensures the flexible, safe and smooth delivery of goods but also cuts the costs and meets the delivery target. In the dynamic landscape of last-mile delivery, LogiSmile, an EU project, introduced a solution to urban delivery challenges through an innovative cooperation between an Autonomous Hub Vehicle (AHV) and an Autonomous

Aslam, Iqra, Aniculaesei, Adina, Buragohain, Abhishek, Zhang, Meng, Bamal, Daniel, Rausch, Andreas

Impact of AdBlue Composition and Water Purity on Particle Number Increase

2024-01-3012To be published on 07/02/2024

Previous studies have shown that dosing AdBlue into the exhaust system of diesel engines to reduce nitrogen oxides can lead to an increase in the number of particles (PN). In addition to the influencing factors of exhaust gas temperature, exhaust gas mass flow and dosing quantity, the dosed medium itself (AdBlue) is not considered as a possible influence due to its regulation in ISO standard 22241. However, as the standard specifies limit value ranges for the individual regulated properties and components for newly sold AdBlue, in reality there is still some margin in the composition. This paper investigates the particle number increase due to AdBlue dosing using several CPCs. The increase in PN is determined by measuring the number of particles after DPF and thus directly before dosing as well as tailpipe. Several AdBlue products from different sources and countries are measured and their composition is also analyzed with regard to the limit values regulated in the standard. This

Herold, Tim, Noone, Patrick, Beidl, Christian, Boldt, Thomas, Hochholzner, Michael, Kontin, Sinisa

Low NOx Emissions Performance after 800,000 Miles Aging Using CDA and an Electric Heater

2024-01-3011To be published on 07/02/2024

Engine and aftertreatment solutions have been identified to meet the upcoming ultra-low NOX regulations on heavy duty vehicles in the United States and Europe. These standards will require changes to current conventional aftertreatment systems for dealing with low exhaust temperature scenarios while increasing the useful life of the engine and aftertreatment system. Previous studies have shown feasibility of meeting the US EPA and California Air Resource Board (CARB) requirements. This work includes a 15L diesel engine equipped with cylinder deactivation (CDA) and an aftertreatment system that was fully DAAAC aged to 800,000 miles. The aftertreatment system includes an e-heater (electric heater), light-off Selective Catalytic Reduction (LO-SCR) followed by a primary aftertreatment system containing a DPF and SCR. To explore the low power potential in combination with CDA and to minimize the fuel and CO2 penalty, the e-heater was set to both a 2.5 and a 5 kW limit, even though it was

Kramer, Jan, Rice, Michael, Zavala, Bryan, Sharp, Christopher, McCarthy, James, Karrer, Ben

Turbocharging system selection for a hydrogen-fuelled spark-ignition internal combustion engine for heavy-duty applications

2024-01-3019To be published on 07/02/2024

Nowadays, green hydrogen can play a crucial role in a successful clean energy transition, thus reaching net zero emissions in the transport sector. Moreover, hydrogen exploitation in internal combustion engines is favoured by its suitable combustion properties and quasi-zero harmful emissions. High flame speeds enable a lean combustion approach, which provides high efficiency and reduces NOx emissions. However, high air flow rates are required to achieve the load levels typical of heavy-duty applications. In this framework, the present study aims to investigate the required boosting system of a 6-cylinder, 13-liter heavy-duty spark ignition engine through 1D numerical simulation. A comparison among various architectures of the turbocharging system and the size of each component is presented, thus highlighting limitations and potentialities of each architecture and providing important insights for the selection of the best turbocharging system

Pucillo, Francesco, Millo, Federico, Piano, Andrea, Giordana, Sergio, Rapetto, Nicola, Paulicelli, Fabio

Challenges of measuring low levels of CO2 and NOx on H2-ICE

2024-01-2998To be published on 07/02/2024

Society is moving towards climate neutrality where hydrogen fuelled combustion engines (H2 ICE) could be considered a main technology. These engines run on hydrogen (H2) so carbon-based emission are only present at a very low level from the lube oil. The most important pollutants NO and NO2 are caused by the exhaust aftertreatment system as well as CO2 coming from the ambient air. For standard measurement technologies these low levels of CO2 are hard to detect due to the high water content. Normal levels of CO2 are between 400-500 ppm which is very close or even below the detection limit of commonly used non-dispersive-infrared-detectors (NDIR). As well the high water content is very challenging for NOx measuring devices, like chemiluminescence detectors (CLD), where it results in higher noise and therefore a worse detection limit. Even for Fourier-transformed-infrared-spectroscopy-analysers (FT-IR) it is challenging to deal with water content over 15% without increased noise. The goal

Jakubec, Philipp, Roiser, Sebastian

Supercharger Boosting on H2 ICE for Heavy Duty applications

2024-01-3006To be published on 07/02/2024

Commercial vehicle powertrain is called to respect a challenging roadmap for CO2 emissions reduction, quite complex to achieve just improving technologies currently on the market. In this perspective alternative solutions are gaining interest, and the use of green H2 as fuel for ICE is considered a high potential solution with fast and easy adoption. NOx emission is still a problem for H2 ICE and can be managed operating the engine with lean air fuel ratio all over the engine map. This combustion strategy will challenge the boosting system as lean H2 combustion will require quite higher air flow compared to diesel for the same power density in steady state. Similar problem will show up in transient response particularly when acceleration starts from low load and the exhaust gases enthalpy is very poor and insufficient to spin the turbine. The analysis presented in this paper will show and quantify the positive impact that a supercharger has on both the above mentions problems. It is

Andrisani, Nicola, Bagal, Nilesh

Miller Cycle and Internal EGR in Diesel Engines Using Alternative Fuels

2024-01-3020To be published on 07/02/2024

The Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE) at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems is equipped with a variable valve train that allows to switch between regular intake valve lift and early intake valve closing (Miller). On the exhaust side, a secondary valve lift on each valve is possible with adjustable back pressure and thus the possibility of realising internal EGR. In combination with alternative fuels, even if they are Drop-In capable as HVO, properties differ and can influence the emission and efficiency behaviour. The investigations of this paper are focusing on regenerative Drop-In fuel (HVO), fossil fuel (B7), and an oxygenate (OME), that needs adaptions at the engine control unit, but offers further emission potential. By commissioning a 2-stage boost system, it is possible to fully equalize the air mass in Miller mode compared to the normal valve lift. This enables a comprehensive analysis of the behavior of the fuels under different boundary

Knost, Friedemar, Beidl, Christian

Reduction of Flow-induced Noise in Refrigeration Cycles

2024-01-2972To be published on 07/02/2024

In electrified vehicles, auxiliary units can be a dominant source of noise, one of which is the refrigerant scroll compressor. Compared to vehicles with combustion engines, e-vehicles require larger refrigerant compressors, as in addition to the interior, also the battery and the electric motors have to be cooled. Currently, scroll compressors are widely used in the automotive industry, which generate one pressure pulse per revolution due to their discontinuous compression principle. This results in speed-dependent pressure fluctuations as well as higher-harmonic pulsations that arise from reflections. These fluctuations spread through the refrigeration cycle and cause the vibration excitation of refrigerant lines and heat exchangers. The sound transmission path in the air conditioning heat exchanger integrated in the dashboard is particularly critical. Various silencer configurations can be used to dampen these pulsations. This paper compares the acoustic and thermodynamic performance

Saur, Lukas, Heidegger, Patrick, Naeger, Christoph, Becker, Stefan

Sustainable Propulsion in a Post-Fossil Energy World: Life-Cycle Assessment of Renewable Fuel and Electrified Propulsion Concepts

2024-01-3013To be published on 07/02/2024

Faced with one of the greatest challenges of humanity – climate change – the European Union has set out a strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 as part of the European Green Deal. To date, extensive research has been conducted on the CO2 life cycle analysis of mobile propulsion systems. However, achieving absolute net-zero CO2 emissions requires the adjustment of the relevant key performance indicators for the development of mobile propulsion systems. In this context, research is presented that examines the ecological and economic sustainability impacts of a hydrogen-fueled mild hybrid vehicle, a hydrogen-fueled 48V hybrid vehicle, a methanol-fueled 400V hybrid vehicle, a methanol-to-gasoline-fueled plug-in hybrid vehicle, a battery electric vehicle, and a fuel cell electric vehicle. For this purpose, a combined Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life-Cycle Cost Assessment was performed for the different propulsion concepts. This assessment follows the methodology of DIN EN ISO

Kexel, Jannik, Pischinger, Stefan, Balazs, Andreas, Schroeder, Benedikt, Wegner, Hagen

Transmission of sound under the influence of various environmental conditions

2024-01-2933To be published on 06/12/2024

Electrified vehicles are particularly quiet, especially at low speeds due to the absence of combustion noises. This is why there are laws worldwide for artificial driving sounds to warn pedestrians. These sounds are generated using a so-called Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (AVAS) which must maintain certain minimum sound pressure levels in specific frequency ranges at low speeds. The creation of the sound currently involves an iterative and sometimes time-consuming process that combines composing the sound on a computer with measuring the levels with a car on an outside noise test track. This continues until both the legal requirements and the subjective demands of vehicle manufacturers are met. To optimize this process and reduce the measurement effort on the outside noise test track, the goal is to replace the measurement with a simulation for a significant portion of the development. Since the measurement for meeting legal requirements takes place outdoors , they are subject to

Schönfeld, Nils, Gsell, Stephan, Müller, Gerhard

Noise pollution – A breakthrough approach

2024-01-2919To be published on 06/12/2024

Authors : Thomas ANTOINE, Christophe THEVENARD, Pierrick BOTTA, Jerome DESTREE, Alain Le Quenven Future noise emission limits for passenger car are going to lower levels by 2024 (Third phase of R51-03, with a limit of 68dBA for the pass by noise) –Social cost of noise for France in 2021, shows clearly that the dominant source of noise pollution is indeed road traffic (81 Bn€ for a total of 146 Bn€) This R51 regulation is meant to lower the noise pollution from road traffic, however when looking closer to the sound source and their contributions, in particular the tire/road noise interaction, the environmental efficiency of this regulation is questionable. Indeed: Tire/Road interaction involves tires characteristics, that are constrained by an array of specification for energy efficiency, safety (wet grip, braking, etc…) and it has been proven that there is a physical limit to what could be expected from the tire as far as tire/road interaction noise is concerned. Road surface however

ANTOINE, Thomas

Aerodynamics' Influence on Performance in Human-Powered Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation

2024-37-0028To be published on 06/12/2024

The issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector is widely acknowledged. Recent years have witnessed a push towards the electrification of cars, with many considering it the optimal solution to address this problem. However, the substantial battery packs utilized in electric vehicles contribute to a considerable embedded ecological footprint. Research has highlighted that, depending on the vehicle's size, tens or even hundreds of thousands of kilometers are required to offset this environmental burden. Human-powered vehicles (HPVs), thanks to their smaller size, are inherently much cleaner means of transportation, yet their limited speed impedes widespread adoption for mid-range and long-range trips, favoring cars, especially in rural areas. This paper addresses the challenge of HPV speed, limited by their low input power and non-optimal distribution of the resistive forces. The article explores dissipation sources from rolling resistance, aerodynamics, ground

Di Gesù, Alessandro, Gastaldi, Chiara, Delprete, Cristiana

Comparing the NVH behaviour of an innovative steel-wood hybrid battery housing design to an all aluminium design

2024-01-2949To be published on 06/12/2024

The production of electric vehicles (EVs) has a significant environmental impact, with up to 50 % of their lifetime greenhouse gas potential attributed to manufacturing processes. The use of sustainable materials in EV design is therefore crucial for reducing their overall carbon footprint. Wood laminates have emerged as a promising alternative due to their renewable nature. Additionally, wood-based materials offer unique damping properties that can contribute to improved Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) characteristics. In comparison to conventional materials such as aluminum, ply wood structures exhibit beneficial damping properties. The loss factor of plywood structures with a thickness below 20 mm ranges from 0.013 to 0.032. Comparable aluminum structures however exhibit only a fraction of this loss factor with a range between 0.002 and 0.005. In this study, the potential of lightweight wood composites, specifically steel-wood hybrid structures, is investigated in the design

Wagner, Markus, Baumann, Georg, Lindbichler, Lukas, Klanner, Michael, Feist, Florian

Comparison of Performance and Efficiency of different Refrigerants at high load Conditions and their Impact on CO2eq Emissions

2024-37-0029To be published on 06/12/2024

For battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), the climate control and the driving range are crucial criteria in the ongoing electrification of automobiles in Europe towards the targeted carbon neutrality of the automotive industry. The thermal management system makes an important contribution to the energy efficiency and the cabin comfort of the vehicle. In addition to the system architecture, the refrigerant is crucial to achieve high cooling and heating performance while maintaining high efficiency and thus low energy consumption. Due to the high efficiency requirements for the vehicle, future system architectures will largely be heat pump systems. The alternative refrigerant R-474A based on the molecule R-1132(E) achieved top performance for both parameters in various system and vehicle tests. An own-built energy efficiency tool was used to determine the possible energy reduction of R-474A in comparison to refrigerant alternatives that can be translated in a CO2 reduction of the thermal

Macrì, Christian, De León, Álvaro, Flohr, Felix

A Numerical Study of the Laminar Flame Speed of Hydrogen/Ammonia Mixtures under Engine-like Conditions

2024-37-0020To be published on 06/12/2024

In the effort to achieve the goal of a climate-neutral transportation system, the use of hydrogen and other synthetic fuels plays a key role. As battery electric vehicles become more widespread, e-fuels could be used to defossilize the hard-to-electrify transportation sectors and to store energy produced from renewable and non-continuous energy sources. Among e-fuels, hydrogen and ammonia are very attractive because they are carbon-neutral and their oxidation does not lead to any CO2 emissions. Furthermore, hydrogen/ammonia mixtures overcome the issues that arise as each of the two fuels is separately used. In the automotive sector, the use of either hydrogen, ammonia or their blends require a characterization of such mixtures under engine-like conditions, that is, at high pressures and temperatures. The aim of this work is to evaluate the Laminar Flame Speed (LFS) of hydrogen/ammonia mixtures by varying the thermodynamic conditions and the molar composition of the reactants. The

Bochicchio, Flavio, D'Amato, Marco, Magi, Vinicio, Viggiano, Annarita

The influence of design operating conditions on engine coolant pump absorption in real driving scenarios

2024-37-0015To be published on 06/12/2024

Reducing CO2 emissions in on-the-road transport is important to limit global warming and follow a green transition towards net zero Carbon by 2050. In a long-term scenario, electrification will be the future of transportation. However, in the mid-term, the priority should be given more strongly to other technological alternatives (e.g., decarbonization of the electrical energy and battery recharging time). In the short- to mid-term, the technological and environmental reinforcement of ICEs could participate in the effort of decarbonization, also matching the need to reduce harmful pollutant emissions, mainly during traveling in urban areas. Engine thermal management represents a viable solution considering its potential benefits and limited implementation costs compared to other technologies. A variable flow coolant pump actuated independently from the crankshaft represents the critical component of a thermal management system. Adjusting the flow rate independently from the engine

DI BARTOLOMEO, MARCO, Di Battista, Davide, Cipollone, Roberto, Fremondi, Fabrizio, Camagni, Umberto

Assessment of Equivalent Properties for Flat Multilayered Panels

2024-01-2943To be published on 06/12/2024

The use of lightweight complex heterogeneous structures increased during the last years principally in the transportation sector (i.e., aviation and trains). This sector's technology enhancement pursues reducing long-term CO2 emissions and increasing efficiency. Lightweight structures may have poor vibro-acoustic behavior and in designs with complex shapes and material heterogeneities, its vibro-acoustic modeling brings new challenges in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Techniques such as model order reduction, homogenization, mesh and meshless methods (with and without periodicity conditions) and energy methods are typically employed to tackle this problem. Within homogenization techniques, an equivalent properties strategy can be utilized to equivalently represent complex structures into more simple ones (for example, a single layer panel). The latter is named equivalent structure or carrier and it is responsible for representing certain quantities of the original structure

Tuozzo, Diego Martin, Atalla, Noureddine

Towards the Design-driven Carbon Footprint reduction of Composite Aerospace and Automotive components: An overview

2024-37-0032To be published on 06/12/2024

Composite materials, pioneered by aerospace engineering due to their lightweight, strength, and durability properties, are increasingly adopted in the high-performance automotive sector. Besides the acknowledged composite components’ performance, enabled lightweighting is becoming even more crucial for energy efficiency, and therefore emissions along vehicle use phase from a decarbonization perspective. However, their use entails energy-intensive and polluting processes involved in raw material production, in manufacturing processes, and, in particular, in end-of-life disposal. Carbon footprint is the established indicator to assess the environmental impact of climate-changing factors on products or services. Research on different carbon footprint sources reduction is increasing, and even the European Composites Industry Association is demanding the development of specific Design for Sustainability approaches. This paper analyzes the early strategies for providing low-carbon aerospace

Dalpadulo, Enrico, Russo, Mario, Gherardini, Francesco, Leali, Francesco

Assessing Heavy Duty Vehicle CO2 Emissions for Qualification as a Zero Emissions Vehicle

2024-37-0007To be published on 06/12/2024

The global transportation industry, and road freight in particular, faces formidable challenges in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions; both Europe and the US have already enabled legislation with CO2 / GHG reduction targets. In Europe, targets are set on a fleet level basis: a CO2 baseline has already been established using Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) data collected and analyzed by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in 2019/2020. This baseline data has been published as the reference for the required CO2 reductions. More recently, the EU has proposed a Zero Emissions Vehicle definition of 3g CO2/t-km. The Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) designation is expected to be key to a number of market instruments that improve the economics and practicality of hydrogen trucks. This paper assesses the permissible amount of carbon-based fuel in hydrogen fueled vehicles – the Pilot Energy Ratio (PER) – for each regulated subgroup of HDVs in the baseline data set. The analysis indicates that a PER

Mumford, David K., Williams, Graham, Leclercq, Nadege

The Potential of Hydrogen High Pressure Direct Injection Toward Future Emissions Compliance: Optimizing Engine-Out NOx and Thermal Efficiency

2024-37-0005To be published on 06/12/2024

By building on mature internal combustion engine (ICE) hardware combined with dedicated hydrogen (H2) technology, the H2-ICE has excellent potential to accelerate CO2 reduction. H2-ICE concepts can therefore contribute to realizing the climate targets in an acceptable timeframe. In the landscape of H2-ICE combustion concepts, High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI™) is an attractive option considering its high thermal efficiency, wide load range and its applicability to on-road as well as off-road heavy-duty equipment. Still, H2-HPDI is characterized by diffusion combustion, giving rise to significant NOx emissions. In this paper, the potential of H2-HPDI toward compliance with future emissions legislation is explored on a 1.8L single-cylinder research engine. With tests on multiple load-speed points, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) was shown to be an effective measure for reducing engine-out NOx, although at the cost of a few efficiency points. Furthermore, the use of EGR was compared

Willems, Robbert, Seykens, Xander, Bekdemir, Cemil, Doosje, Erik, Van Gompel, Peter

Effect of Dithering on post-catalyst exhaust gas composition and on short time regeneration of deactivated PdO/Al2O3 catalysts under real engine conditions

2024-37-0002To be published on 06/12/2024

Fossil fuels such as natural gas used in engines still play the most important role worldwide despite such measures as the German energy transition which however is also exacerbating climate change as a result of carbon dioxide emissions. One way of reducing carbon dioxide emissions is the choice of energy sources and with it a more favourable chemical composition. Natural gas, for instance, which consist mainly of methane, has the highest hydrogen to carbon ratio of all hydrocarbons, which means that carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by up to 35% when replacing diesel with natural gas. Although natural gas engines show an overall low CO2 and pollutant emissions level, methane slip due to incomplete combustion occurs, causing methane emissions with a more than 20 higher global warming potential than CO2. Additionally, further tightening of emissions legislation is to be expected bringing methane emissions even more into focus making exhaust gas aftertreatment issues remain

Tomin, Sebastian, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas

Influence of Intake Charge Temperature and EGR Rate on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2024-37-0025To be published on 06/12/2024

Ammonia has emerged as a promising carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE), particularly in large-bore engine applications. However, integrating ammonia into conventional engines presents challenges, prompting the exploration of innovative combustion strategies like dual-fuel combustion. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have emerged as a significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of ammonia in ICE. Various studies suggest that combining exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with adjustments in inlet temperature and diesel injection timing can effectively mitigate nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions across diverse operating conditions in dual-fuel diesel engines. This study conducts a numerical investigation into the impact of varying inlet charge temperatures (330K, 360K, and 390K) and EGR rates (0%, 10%, and 20%) on the combustion and emission characteristics of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine operating under high-load conditions, while considering different

Hoseinpour, Marziyeh, Karami, Rahim, Salahi, Mohammad Mahdi, Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Gharehghani, Ayat, Garcia, Antonio

Development of a Hybrid-Electric Medium-HD Demonstrator Vehicle with a Pent-Roof SI Natural Gas Engine

2024-37-0026To be published on 06/12/2024

In response to global climate change, there is a widespread push to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector. For the difficult to decarbonize heavy-duty (HD) vehicle sector, lower carbon intensity fuels can offer a low-cost, near-term solution for CO2 reduction. The use of natural gas can provide such an alternative for HD vehicles while the increasing availability of renewable natural gas affords the opportunity for much deeper reductions in net-CO2 emissions. With this in consideration, the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory launched the Natural Gas Vehicle Research and Development Project to stimulate advancements in technology and availability of natural gas vehicles. As part of this program, Southwest Research Institute developed a hybrid-electric medium-HD vehicle (class 6) to demonstrate a substantial CO2 reduction over the baseline diesel vehicle and ultra-low NOx emissions. The development included the conversion of a 5.2L diesel engine to spark-ignited

Wallace, Julian, Mitchell, Robert, Rao, Sandesh, Jones, Kevin, Kramer, Dustin, Wang, Yanyu, Chambon, Paul, Sjovall, Scott, Williams, D. Ryan

Model-Based Algorithm for Water Management Diagnosis and Control for PEMFC Systems for Motive Applications

2024-37-0004To be published on 06/12/2024

Water management in PEMFC power generation systems is a key point to guarantee optimal performances and durability. It is known that a poor water management has a direct impact on PEMFC voltage, both in drying and flooding conditions: furthermore, water management entails phenomena from micro-scale, i.e., formation and water transport within membrane, to meso-scale, i.e., water capillary transport inside the GDL, up to the macro-scale, i.e., water droplet formation and removal from the GFC. Water transport mechanisms through the membrane are well known in literature, but typically a high computational burden is requested for their proper simulation. To deal with this issue, the authors have developed an analytical model for the water membrane content simulation as function of stack temperature and current density, for fast on-board monitoring and control purposes, with good fit with literature data. The water flow from the catalyst layer to the GFC through the GDL is modelled

Sicilia, Massimo, Cervone, Davide, Polverino, Pierpaolo, Pianese, Cesare

Advanced H2 ICE development aiming for full compatibility with classical engines while ensuring zero-impact tailpipe emissions

2024-37-0006To be published on 06/12/2024

The societies around the world remain far from meeting the agreed primary goal outlined under the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to keep global average temperature rise to well below 20°C by 2100 and making every effort to stay underneath of a 1.5°C elevation. Current emissions are rebounding from a brief decline during the economic downturn related to the Covid-19 pandemic. To get back on track to support the realization of the goal of the Paris Agreement, research suggests that GHG emissions should be roughly halved by 2030 on a trajectory to reach net zero by around mid-century.2 Although these are averaged global targets, every sector and country or market can and must contribute, especially higher-income and more developed countries bear the greater capacity to act. In 2020 direct tailpipe emissions from transport represented around 8 GtC02e, or nearly 15% of total emissions. This number increases to just under 10 GtC02e when

Koerfer, Thomas, Durand, Thomas, Busch, Hartwig

Experimental and Simulation Study of Zero Flow Impact on Hybrid Vehicle Emissions

2024-37-0036To be published on 06/12/2024

Combustion engines in hybrid vehicles turn on and off several times during a typical passenger car trip. Each engine restart may pose a risk of excessive tailpipe emissions in real-drive conditions if the after-treatment system fails to maintain an adequate temperature level during zero flow. In view of the tightening worldwide tailpipe emissions standards and real-world conformity requirements, it is important to detect and resolve such risks via cost-effective engineering tools relying on accurate 3d analysis of the thermal and chemical behavior of exhaust systems. In this work, we present a series of experiments to examine the impact of zero-flow duration on the exhaust system cooling and subsequent emissions risk. We also present a catalyst model calibrated to predict the 3d thermal and chemical behavior under normal and zero flow conditions. Particular emphasis is given to the phenomena of free convection and thermal radiation dominating the heat transfer at zero flow. Following

Emmanouil, Valesia, Koltsakis, Grigorios, Kotoulas, Costas

Evaluation of an optimal engine configuration for a SI Engine Fueled with Ethanol for Stationary Applications

2024-37-0024To be published on 06/12/2024

This work aims at investigating the optimal configuration of an internal combustion engine fueled with bio-ethanol for improving its brake power and efficiency as well as for reducing the NOx emissions, in stationary applications. A turbocharged spark ignition engine characterized by a single-point injection was preliminarily considered; subsequently, a direct injection configuration was investigated. For both cases, a 1-D numerical model was developed to compare the injection configurations under stoichiometric conditions and different spark timings. The analysis shows that the direct injection guarantees: a limited improvement of brake power and efficiency when the same spark timing is adopted, while NOx emissions increases by 20%; an increase of 6% in brake power and 2 percentage points in brake thermal efficiency by adopting the knock limited spark advance, but an almost double NOx emissions increase. In order to exploit the advantages of the direct injection, an engine

Perrone, Diego, Falbo, Luigi, Falbo, Biagio, Castiglione, Teresa

Potential of Serial Hybrid Powertrain Concepts towards decarbonizing the Off-Highway Machinery

2024-37-0018To be published on 06/12/2024

Today’s engines used in Agriculture, Mining and Construction are designed for robustness and cost. Here, the Diesel powertrain is the established mainstream solution, offering long operation times without refueling at any desired power rating. In view of the steps towards Carbon Neutrality by 2050 this segment of the Transportation Sector needs to reduce its CO2 emissions. Currently, the EU and US emissions legislations (EU Stage V / EPA Tier4) do not include a CO2 reduction scheme but is expected to change with the next update towards EU Stage VI / EPA Tier5 coming into effect 2030 and after. Larger power and operation range still require the use of renewable, liquid fuels or hydrogen. The cost-up of such fuels could be counterbalanced by more efficient engines in combination with a hybridized powertrain. The current paper therefore introduces a serial HEV solution for a large wheel loader application of ~20 t which is an example of a typical use-case from construction equipment

Weber, Jost, Schatorje, Jesper, Frekers, Yona, Herrmann, Olaf, Gries, Rafael

Guided Port Injection of Hydrogen as An Approach for Reducing Cylinder-To-Cylinder Deviations in Spark-Ignited H2 Engines – A Numerical Investigation

2024-37-0008To be published on 06/12/2024

The reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and ever stricter regulations on pollutant emissions in the transport sector require research and development of new, climate-friendly propulsion concepts. The use of renewable hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines promises to provide a good solution especially for commercial vehicles. For optimum efficiency of the combustion process, hydrogen-specific engine components are required, which need to be tested on the test bench and analysed in simulation studies. This paper deals with the simulation-based investigation and optimisation of fuel injection in a 6-cylinder PFI commercial vehicle engine, which has been modified for hydrogen operation starting from a natural gas engine concept. The focus of the study is on a CNG-derived manifold design which has been adapted with regard to the injector interface and is already equipped with so-called gas injection guiding tubes for targeted fuel injection in front of the

Jung, Philipp Emanuel, Guenthner, Michael, Walter, Nicolas

Exploring methanol and naphtha as alternative fuels for a hybrid-ICE battery-driven light-duty vehicle

2024-37-0021To be published on 06/12/2024

In pursuing sustainable automotive technologies, exploring alternative fuels for hybrid vehicles is crucial in reducing environmental impact and aligning with global carbon emission reduction goals. This work compares methanol and naphtha as potential suitable alternative fuels for running in a battery-driven light-duty hybrid vehicle by comparing their performance with the diesel baseline engine. This work employs a 0-D vehicle simulation model within the GT-Power suite to replicate vehicle dynamics under the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). The vehicle choice enables the assessment of a delivery application scenario using distinct payload capacities: 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. The model is fed with engine maps derived from previous experimental work conducted in the same engine, in which a full calibration was obtained that ensures the engine's operability in a wide region of rotational speed and loads. The calibration suggested that the engine could operate in a

Iñiguez, Erasmo, Marco-Gimeno, Javier, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Garcia, Antonio

Optimization of a Sliding Rotary Vane Pump for Heavy Duty Internal Combustion Engine cooling

2024-37-0030To be published on 06/12/2024

The benefits introduced by the replacement of conventional centrifugal pumps with volumetric machines for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) cooling were experimentally and theoretically proven in literature. In particular, Sliding Rotary Vane Pumps (SVRPs) ensure to achieve an interesting reduction of ICEs fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Despite volumetric pumps are a reference technology for ICE lubrication oil circuits, the application in ICE cooling systems still not represent a ready-to-market solution. Particularly challenging is the case of Heavy-Duty ICE due to the wide operating range the pump covers in terms of flow rate delivered. Generally, SVRPs are designed to operate at high speeds to reduce machine dimensions and, consequently, the weight. Nevertheless, speed increase could lead to a severe penalization of pump performance since the growth of the friction losses. They produce wear phenomena which require expensive surface treatments or, more generally, the adoption

Fatigati, Fabio, Di Bartolomeo, Marco, Pallante, Francesco, Lo Biundo lng, Giuseppe, Cipollone, Roberto

Comparison Of the Effects of Renewable Fuels on The Emissions of a Small Diesel Engine for Urban Mobility

2024-37-0019To be published on 06/12/2024

The current work presents the results of an investigation on the impact of renewable fuels on the combustion and emissions of a turbocharged compression-ignition internal combustion engine. An experimental study was undertaken and the engine settings were not modified to account for the fuel's chemical and physical properties, to analyze the performance of the fuel as a potential drop-in alternative fuel. Three fuels were tested: mineral diesel, a blend of it with waste cooking oil biodiesel and a hydrogenated diesel. The analysis of the emissions at engine exhaust highlights that hydrogenated fuel allows to reduce CO, total hydrocarbon emissions, particulate matter and NOx

Chiavola, Ornella, Matijošius, Jonas, Palmieri, Fulvio, Recco, Erasmo

Rotation for a better tomorrow - SKF’s journey towards decarbonization

2024-37-0033To be published on 06/12/2024

Let’s start with the uncomfortable truth, climate change is happening, and the automotive industrial network is one of the main industries contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. SKF is an energy intensive business – directly using energy, mainly in the form of electricity and gas, in its operations around the world. In addition, SKF utilizes materials, predominantly steel, and services which can be energy and carbon intensive – such as transports and raw material in production and processing. The combined impact of these direct and indirect energy uses (scope 1, 2 and 3 upstream) generates an excess of over two million metric tons of CO2e per year. This figure would however be significantly higher were it not for the actions SKF has taken to reduce both energy and carbon intensity. In 2000, we were one of the first companies to actually start to report and set climate targets. Acting on energy and material efficiency improvements and by switching to renewable energy, SKF is

Sguotti, Laura, Leprotti, Arturo, Ferrero, Alessandro, D'Aleo, Michele, Berglund, Mats

The evolution of conventional vehicles' efficiency for meeting carbon neutrality ambition

2024-37-0034To be published on 06/12/2024

In 2023, the European Union set more ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars: the new fleet-wide average targets became 93.6 g/km for 2025, 49.5 g/km in 2030, going to 0 in 2035. One year away from the 2025 target, this study evaluates what contribution to CO2 reduction was achieved from new conventional vehicles and how to interpret forecasts for future efficiency gains. The European Commission’s vehicle efficiency cost-curves suggest that optimal technology adoption can guarantee up to 50% CO2 reduction by 2025 for conventional vehicles. Official registration data between 2013 and 2022, however, reveal only an average 14% increase in fuel efficiency in standard combustion vehicles, although reaching almost 23% for standard hybrids. The smallest gap between certified emissions and best-case scenarios is of 14 g/km, suggesting that some manufacturers’ declared values are approaching the optimum. Yet, the majority of vehicles do not appear to fully

Komnos, Dimitrios, Nur, Jamil, Tansini, Alessandro, Ktistakis, Markos Alexandros, Suarez, Jaime, Krause, Jette, Fontaras, Georgios

Analysis for Effect of Angle of Attack on Coefficient of Lift of Wing Structure

2024-26-0450To be published on 06/01/2024

Dimensional optimization has always been a time consuming process, especially for aerodynamic bodies, requiring much tuning of dimensions and testing for each sample. Aerodynamic auxiliaries, especially wings, are design dependent on the primary model attached, as they influence the amount of lift or reduction in drag which is beneficial to the model. In this study CFD analysis is performed to obtain pressure counter of wings. For a wing, the angle of attack is essential in creating proper splits to incoming winds, even under high velocities with larger distances from the separation point. In the case of a group of wings, each wing is then mentioned as a wing element, and each wing is strategically positioned behind the previous wing in terms of its vertical height and its self-angle of attack to create maximum lift. At the same time, its drag remains variable to its shape ultimately maximizing the C L /C D ratio. A high value of coefficient of Lift (C L) indicates a significant

Hujare, Pravin P, Hujare, Deepak P, Choudhary, Prateek, Sakat, Abhishek, Karanjkar, Rushil

Numerical Investigation of Aerodynamic Characteristics on a Blunt Cone Model at Various Angles of Attack under Hypersonic Flow Regimes

2024-26-0446To be published on 06/01/2024

The study of aerodynamic forces in hypersonic environments is important to ensure the safety and proper functioning of aerospace vehicles. These forces vary with the angle of attack (AOA) and there exists an optimum angle of attack where the ratio of the lift to drag force is maximum. In this paper, computational analysis has been performed on a blunt cone model to study the aerodynamic characteristics when hypersonic flow is allowed to pass through the model. The flow has a Mach number of 8.44 and the angle of attack is varied from 0º to 20º. The commercial CFD solver ANSYS FLUENT is used for the computational analysis and the mesh is generated using the ICEM CFD module of ANSYS. Air is selected as the working fluid. The simulation is carried out for a time duration of 1.2 ms where it reaches a steady state and the lift and drag forces and coefficients are estimated. The pressure, temperature, and velocity contours at different angles of attack are also observed. It is found that the

Deka, Sushmita, Kamal, Abhishek, Patra, Sanjukta, Sahoo, Niranjan

Reduction in Flight Operational Costs by Automating Weather Forecast Updates

2024-26-0440To be published on 06/01/2024

A GE Aviation Systems report documents that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provided weather forecast data has a bias of 15 knots and a standard deviation of 13.3 knots for the 40 flights considered for the research. It also had a 0.47 bias in the temperature with a standard deviation of 0.27. The temperature errors are not as significant as the wind. There is a potential opportunity to reduce the operational cost by improving the weather forecast. The flight management system (FMS) currently uses the weather forecast, available before takeoff, to identify an optimized flight path with minimum operational costs depending on the selected speed mode. Such a flight plan could be optimum for a shorter flight because these flight path planning algorithms are very less susceptible to the accuracy of the weather forecast. However, the flight plan for longer flights may require changes with the latest weather data since the weather forecast used initially might have

Kushwaha, Dinesh, Kottackal, Sebin K

Energy Consumption in Lightweight Electric Aircraft

2024-26-0403To be published on 06/01/2024

Electric aircraft have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable aviation, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and noise pollution. Efficiently estimating and optimizing energy consumption in these aircraft is crucial for enhancing their design, operation, and overall performance. This paper presents a novel framework for analyzing and modeling energy consumption patterns in lightweight electric aircraft. A mathematical model is developed, encompassing key factors such as aircraft weight, velocity, wing area, air density, coefficient of drag, and battery efficiency. This model estimates the total energy consumption during steady-level flight, considering the power requirements for propulsion, electrical systems, and auxiliary loads. The model serves as the foundation for analyzing energy consumption patterns and optimizing the performance of lightweight electric aircraft. To facilitate analysis and visualization of energy consumption patterns, the study includes the

Kanchagar, Amogha

Assessing the Structural Feasibility and Recyclability of Flax/PLA Bio-Composites for Enhanced Sustainability

2024-26-0407To be published on 06/01/2024

Bio-composites have gained significant attention within the aerospace industry due to their potential as a sustainable solution that addresses the demand for lightweight materials with reduced environmental impact. These materials blend natural fibers sourced from renewable origins, such as plant-based fibers, with polymer matrices to fabricate composite materials that exhibit desirable mechanical properties and environmental friendliness. The aerospace sector's growing interest in bio-composites originates from those composites’ capacity to mitigate the industry's carbon footprint and decrease dependence on finite resources. This study aims to investigate the suitability of utilizing plant derived flax fabric/PLA (polylactic acid) matrix-based bio-composites in aerospace applications, as well as the recyclability potential of these composites in the circular manufacturing economy. The bio-composite laminate is produced through a compression molding process involving interleaved layers

B S, Dakshayini, Kancherla, Kishore Babu, Raju, Benjamin, Roy Mahapatra, Debiprosad

Study of Crew Seat Impact Attenuation System for Indian Manned Space Mission

2024-26-0469To be published on 06/01/2024

The descent phase of GAGANYAAN (Indian Manned Space Mission) culminates with a crew module impacting at a predetermined site in Indian waters. During water impact, huge amount of loads are experienced by the astronauts. This demands an impact attenuation system which can attenuate the impact loads and reduce the acceleration experienced by astronauts to safe levels. Current state of the art impact attenuation systems use honeycomb core, which is passive, expendable, can only be used once (at touchdown impact) during the entire mission and does not account off-nominal impact loads. Active and reusable attenuation systems for crew module is still an unexplored territory. Three configurations of impact attenuators were selected for this study for the current GAGANYAAN crew module configuration, namely, hydraulic damper, hydro-pneumatic damper and airbag systems. All the subsystems were mathematically modelled and initial sizes were estimated using Genetic Algorithm and SQP optimization

Avirah, Nohin K, Lakshman, Dasu Deva Karthik, Potnuru, Sai Santhosh, Pramod, Athul P, Kurian, Sabin

Electric Propulsion in Aerospace: Past, Present and Future

2024-26-0406To be published on 06/01/2024

Electric Propulsion is getting wide popularity in the recent years. There have been successful trends in both Aero and Space systems. Electric Propulsion is expected to offer several advantages including less or zero emission, high efficiency, lower or no propellant requirements, and the ability to perform long-duration missions. But they also require significant power sources in the form of batteries, fuel cells and solar panels. Many technical reports got published discussing their feasibility and challenges during the last decade. This paper is aimed at publishing the consolidated information from these reports and adding the new developments happened after these reports published. Information on present state quo, existing challenges, sustainability issues, expected timelines of various power capacity propulsion systems availability and supply chain opportunities will be discussed

Bommisetty, Venkata Naga Ramakumar

Numerical Analysis of the Flow over a Perforated Wing

2024-26-0448To be published on 06/01/2024

A fundamental aspect of aerodynamics is the generation of vortices in the wake of an aircraft wing during flight. These rotating columns of fluid, known as vortices, play a crucial role in the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft. As air flows over the wing, a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces induces the creation of a wingtip vortex. This vortex, a product of the airflow overflowing the wingtip from a region of high pressure to one of low pressure, introduces a rotational motion in the air. The concept of vortex generation has been explored through various methods, including the use of vortex generators. Among these, delta-wing vortex generators have gained popularity due to their efficiency in modifying airflow without adding extra material to the wing. However, challenges such as induced drag and interference drag have been associated with traditional vortex generators. This work draws inspiration from the effectiveness of delta-wing vortex generators and

Hegde, Nandan, J, Keerthana

Modeling of Equivalent Geometric Imperfection for Buckling Prediction of Oblate Ellipsoidal Shells

2024-26-0412To be published on 06/01/2024

Oblate ellipsoidal shells subjected to external pressure exhibit catastrophic buckling which is highly sensitive to geometric imperfections. It is not feasible to posses the Measured Geometric Imperfections (MGI) apriori, at the design stage. Therefore, different imperfection modeling techniques are explored to assess the imperfection sensitivity of oblate ellipsoidal shells under external pressure. The eigen mode imperfection is a very popular approach to model the geometric imperfections, which have been attempted for the ellipsoidal shell. Knock down factor variation for various scaling factors of the eigen mode imperfection is plotted. Dimple based approaches are attempted to assess the imperfection sensitivity of the ellipsoidal shell as the imperfection can be compared with a localized dimple triggering local buckling of the shell. In the Single Perturbation Load Approach (SPLA), a known displacement is introduced to the crown node, after which the external pressure is applied on

Rangarajan, Gopikrishna, Raju, Gangadharan, Dinavahi, Ramkrishna

Vacuum Gauge Calibration

ARP7446A (Current)

05/17/2024

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) addresses the general procedure for the best practices for minimizing uncertainty when calibrating thermal conductivity and cold cathode vacuum gauges, which includes the vacuum sensor(s) and accompanying electronics necessary for a pressure measurement to be made. It also includes the best practices for an in-process verification where limitations make it impossible to follow the best practices for minimizing uncertainty. Verifying the accuracy and operation of vacuum gauges is critical to ensure the maintenance of processes while under vacuum

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Seamless Tubing, 72Ni - 15.5Cr - 0.95Cb (Nb) - 2.5Ti - 0.70Al - 7.0Fe (X750), Vacuum Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable to 170 ksi (1172 MPa) Tensile Strength

AMS5583G (Current)

05/17/2024

This specification covers a precipitation hardenable corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of seamless tubing

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Welding Wire 57Ni - 19.5Cr - 13.5Co - 4.2Mo - 3.1Ti - 1.4Al - 0.006B Vacuum Induction Melted, Solution Heat Treated

AMS5828H (Current)

05/17/2024

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of welding wire

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Florida: A Vibrant Hub of Mobility

1345305/14/2024

Whether it's aerospace, theme parks, maritime or motorsports, there is no doubt Florida is helping to build the future of mobility. Home to the Everglades, the state boasts one of the most unique ecosystems in the world. And, with one of the largest EV markets in the country, there is a growing interest in building out sustainable infrastructure. To learn more about Florida's approach to mobility, we sat down with Rebecca Vollmann, Chair, SAE Florida, to discuss the latest advances in automotive, air, rail, and maritime transportation, as well as the revival of the Space Coast. Listen in as she shares her passion for sustainable manufacturing efforts though automation and electrification ? and the importance of encouraging future generations to pursue engineering careers that support the state's vibrant mobility ecosystem

Hineman, Marcie

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